8种生物杀菌剂对南瓜疫病菌的室内毒力测定

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法进行了8种生物杀菌剂对南瓜疫病菌(Phytophthora capsici)的毒力测定。结果表明,供试8种生物杀菌剂对南瓜疫病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发均具有一定的抑制效果,其中1%申嗪霉素悬乳剂对南瓜疫病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,2%宁南霉素次之,5%井冈霉素水剂最弱。     

Interaction between root rot basidiomycetes and Phytophthora species on pedunculate oak

Forest declines are usually complex multifactorial phenomena that involve interactions between different factors. The possible interaction between different types of mycelial pathogens was investigated through artificial inoculation of oak seedlings, involving two root rot basidiomycetes, Collybia fusipes and Armillaria mellea, and two Phytophthora species, P. cinnamomi and P. cambivora. These pathogens were inoculated onto young Quercus robur saplings in greenhouse conditions, either alone or combining a root rot basidiomycete with a Phytophthora species. Three out of the four Phytophthora spp.*root rot basidiomycete combinations tested resulted in significantly greater damage to the oak host than the sum of the damages induced by the individual pathogens. This positive interaction could be significant in oak decline syndrome.     

抗甲霜灵辣椒疫霉菌株的生物学特性

为了明确抗甲霜灵辣椒疫霉菌株的适生性,以田间自然产生及室内诱变获得的抗甲霜灵辣椒疫霉菌株为材料,测定了抗甲霜灵辣椒疫霉菌株的主要生物学性状。各菌株的游动孢子囊产生量为9.6×103～13.0×103个/mL,孢子囊释放率为61.3%～68.4%,游动孢子萌发率为35.3%～42.1%,适温条件下的菌丝平均生长速率约为10.28～11.55 mm/天;各菌株在含100μg/mL孔雀石绿的CA培养基上均不能生长,淀粉水解指数为0.18～0.95;接种辣椒、番茄、南瓜、西葫芦和茄子等果实所致病斑平均直径分别为34.11、18.47、30.19、37.78和32.73 mm。经方差分析,抗甲霜灵辣椒疫霉菌株的生物学性状与敏感菌株无显著差异,表明甲霜灵并未改变其生物学性状,辣椒疫霉对甲霜灵具有较高的抗性风险。     

烟草疫霉侵染后剑麻H.11648叶片细胞超微结构和防御酶活性研究

斑马纹病是剑麻的主要病害之一，本研究以剑麻斑马纹病高感品种H.11648为材料，分别在接种烟草疫霉0、24、36、48、72 h取样，用电镜观察H.11648叶片细胞超微结构变化，同时分析过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等防御酶活性变化情况。结果表明：H.11648在接种24 h，可见大量休止孢，叶绿体结构被破坏，植物组织开始降解，随着时间延长，附着孢出现，吸器形成，植物组织解体更严重，接种72 h，可见大量菌丝。在整个接种过程中，CAT、PAL和PPO活性显著增强，72 h达到最高，分别为501.44、25.73、1 742.67 U/(g.min)。SOD和APX活性显著下降，72 h达到最低，分别为2 888.62 U/g和841.96 μmol/(g.min)。POD活性先下降72 h又上升，但均显著低于接种前POD活性。本研究从细胞学和生理水平为探讨剑麻与烟草疫霉互作关系提供了理论基础。     

防治胡椒瘟病生物农药筛选及其盆栽药效试验

胡椒瘟病是危害中国胡椒产业的首要病害,目前主要依赖使用化学农药防治,筛选应用生物农药是减少化学农药用量的有效途径。本文通过室内毒力测定和室外盆栽药效试验,测定了5种生物农药对胡椒瘟病的防治效果。结果表明:室内毒力测定木霉菌WP、枯草芽孢杆菌WP和Z菌株发酵液对胡椒瘟病病原菌的抑菌效果好且敏感性高,EC50分别为0.49、0.78、1.13μg/m L;盆栽药效试验Z菌株发酵液和枯草芽孢杆菌WP对胡椒瘟病防效最好,平均防效分别为83%和82%,芽孢杆菌/淡紫拟青霉WP的防效次之,平均防效为69%。综合来看,Z菌株发酵液和枯草芽孢杆菌WP对胡椒瘟病具有很好防效,具备良好的绿色防控潜力。     

SMART技术构建的辣椒疫霉菌与辣椒互作AD-cDNA文库

为了分离和克隆辣椒中疫霉菌诱导基因,以接种辣椒疫霉菌的叶片为材料,利用SMART技术构建辣椒疫霉菌与辣椒互作的双杂交c DNA文库。结果表明:该文库容量为3.6×106cfu,重组率88%左右,插入片段集中在300~2000bp之间,平均长度约为800bp,表明获得的文库质量较高,该文库将为分子育种提供重要的基因资源。     

防治胡椒瘟病的生物农药和新型低毒化学农药筛选

胡椒瘟病是危害我国胡椒产业的首要病害，目前基本依赖使用化学农药防治。筛选应用生物农药是减少化学农药用量的有效途径。本文采用生长速率法测定胡椒瘟病病原菌对12种生物农药和新型低毒化学农药的敏感性。结果表明：70%烯酰?嘧菌酯WG、木霉菌WP和枯草芽孢杆菌WP对胡椒瘟病病原菌的抑菌效果好且敏感性高，EC50分别为0.211 3、0.49和0.78 μg/mL。     

Potential host range of four Phytophthora interspecific hybrids from Clade 8a

In recent years several interspecific hybrids have been reported in the plant pathogenic oomycete genus Phytophthora. Due to the large genotypic and phenotypic changes, these hybrids might have broader or more limited host ranges compared with their parental species. It is crucial to understand the host range of Phytophthora hybrids to minimize the economic losses caused by their infection. The potential host range of four hybrids belonging to Clade 8a of the Phytophthora phylogenetic tree was investigated in this study. Thirty species of herbaceous plants as well as eight species of woody plants were inoculated and monitored for any symptom of infection. In addition, the detached twigs of 32 tree species, fruits of six plant species, tubers of potato, and roots of carrot and sugar beet were investigated for susceptibility to these hybrids. Almost all hybrids caused severe rot on all tested fruits, tubers, and roots, although different isolates showed different pathogenicity on detached tree twigs. All hybrids tested had a different host range compared with their parental species: they were able to infect plants outside the host range of their parents, infect hosts of both parental species, although these parents did not have overlapping hosts, or, in some cases, they were not able to infect hosts infected by the parents.     

hrpZ_(Psta)在转基因大豆中定量表达与疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性相关研究

以T5转hrpZPsta基因大豆JN29-705-15和JL30-187为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术(Quantitative Real Time PCR,qRT-PCR)检测了目标基因在转基因大豆不同组织中的表达量,分别利用下胚轴侵染法和叶面喷施法鉴定疫霉根腐病抗性和灰斑病抗性,并分析目的基因表达量与疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性的相关性。结果表明:hrpZPsta基因在大豆的叶、茎、根、籽粒中均有表达,二个株系平均相对表达量分别为8.2/6.1、0.9/0.7、6.5/4.6和0.8/0.7;T5转hrpZPsta基因大豆抗疫霉根腐病和灰斑病能力与野生型相比均有所提高,JN29-705-15对疫霉根腐病抗性从感病提高到中抗,而JL30-187从中抗提高到抗病;hrpZPsta基因在叶中的表达量也与抗灰斑病能力呈正相关,与病情级别呈极显著负相关。试验结果初步证明了外源基因hrp ZPsta在大豆植株中的表达量与受体植株对疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性存在一定的相关性。     

我国热区疫霉种的分布、疫病及其防治研究进展

综述了我国热带地区疫霉种类及其引起的植物病害,并总结了疫病的防治措施,最后对疫病防治的新策略进行了展望。